America's got an ineffective government because of the shitty way it was all structured and designed for gridlock. It's not a failed or failing government. There's issues with the elite being able to get away with crimes, but that seems to be a problem everywhere in the world. It's funny you site that the economy is far from a failure, yet you've criticised California for being an abject failure of a state... yet California is the economic powerhouse of the US & I know from experience it is a great place to live.
But whether you view the economy as far from failure really depends on perspective. While wages in the US are relatively great compared to doing the same work in other countries, since the 80s there's been an increasing gap in how wealth has been distributed in the US. Wage growth has stagnated for the many, while for the elite few there's been record profits and income. When the many are left behind for a handful of ultra-wealthy elite, it's easy for many to think "this is a broken system."
When people look back to the US golden era post WW2, where Americans felt economic opportunity was limitless, there was a massive tax on the American ultra-wealthy and corporations. Did they stop making money? No they made shitloads of money. And Americans, on average, seemed more than content with their economic system. In the 70s, many economists started talking about the "death of the American dream" - but the disparity between the rich and the regular in the US has just gone insane since the 80s.